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RS-485 is the electrical specification of a 2-wire half-duplex serial data connection. Half-duplex means that data can flow both ways but not at the same time. Data is conveyed by the difference in voltage level between the two wires, and is therefore resilient against noise and other interference.
In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, the RS-485 specification describes a PHYSICAL communications layer (PHY). This layer specifies the electrical characteristics of the hardware, but it does NOT specify any protocol.
RS is an abbreviation for "Recommended Standard" as was defined by the Electronics Industries Association (EIA) of the USA, although today the standard is formally known as EIA-485.
Application
The RS-485 standard defines the electrical specification of the physical connection between two or more devices, and it allows for creation of inexpensive local networks comprising multiple devices.
The differential signalling system introduces a balanced line concept to achieve higher speeds over longer distances than RS-422, and typical performance of 35 Mbit/s can be reached over 10m (30 feet) distances, and 100kbit/s can be achieved over distances greater than 1000m (> 1/2 mile). This high speed capability has made RS-485 an ideal choice as the underlying physical layer standard for fieldbus standards such as Modbus.
